How do mountains form?
Mountains are areas rising prominently above their surroundings, with more than one formation pathway.
Formation, concepts and processes
Converging plates can compress and uplift crust through folding and faulting. Some mountains build through volcanism, others through motion of crustal blocks. Rivers, glaciers and mass movement erode while uplift continues; current shape reflects both processes.
Examples, applications and limits
Temperature, precipitation and ecosystems can vary with elevation, while local wind and slope exposure matter. Mountain effects on climate differ by place. Earthquakes, landslides and avalanches require separate hazard assessment.
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