How did the Indus civilization develop?
The Indus civilization comprised major cities and wide trade networks in South Asia during the third millennium BCE.
Historical context and developments
Harappa and Mohenjo-daro show planned streets, water systems and standardized crafts, but many other settlements existed. Since Indus signs have not been securely deciphered, questions about politics and languages remain open.
Consequences and interpreting sources
Urban life changed in the early second millennium BCE. Climate, river shifts and economic networks are studied together; a single sudden-collapse story is inadequate. Archaeological uncertainty should be made clear.
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