How do tidal forces arise?
Tidal forces are stretching and squeezing effects caused by unequal gravity across an object.
Formation, motion and physical explanation
The near side is pulled more strongly and the far side more weakly; the difference declines rapidly with distance. It is a gravity gradient rather than total pull.
Evidence, applications and limits
Ocean tides, internal heating of moons and synchronous rotation relate to this effect. Spaghettification near a black hole is an extreme version. Conclusions about distant objects rely on testing images, spectra, time variation and physical models together.
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