How does a buffer solution stabilize pH?
A buffer is a weak acid-base pair that limits pH change when a small amount of acid or base is added.
Molecular process and core principles
The weak acid consumes added base while its conjugate base removes added hydrogen ions. Effective range relates to dissociation constant and capacity to component amount.
Evidence, applications and limits
Blood and laboratory solutions use different buffers. Once capacity is exceeded pH can change rapidly, and temperature or gas exchange also affects measurements. Comparisons can be misleading unless temperature, pressure, concentration and sample purity are stated.
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