What is Seed Germination?

Germination is the start of growth by the embryo in a living seed under suitable conditions. Each species has different requirements; water, temperature, oxygen, and sometimes light are important factors.

Stages of germination

When a seed absorbs water, its coat may soften, metabolic activity increases, and the embryo begins to grow. In many seeds, the radicle emerges first, beginning water and mineral uptake for the young plant; the shoot then grows toward the soil surface. Stored food supports early growth until leaves develop and photosynthesis begins. The temperature range needed varies by species. A seed left in water may lack oxygen, while overly wet conditions can encourage decay. Some seeds germinate better in light and others in darkness, so one rule does not fit all species.

Dormancy and unsuccessful germination

Dormancy is a state in which a living seed does not germinate immediately, even when conditions appear suitable. A hard seed coat, embryo development, or a need for a cold or warm period can contribute. Dormancy may prevent seeds from sprouting in an unfavorable season. A seed that fails to germinate is not necessarily dead; age, storage temperature, moisture, mold, and sowing depth all matter. Clean containers, airflow, and species-appropriate moisture are useful in controlled growing. Methods such as cold stratification or scarification should be used only for the relevant species and with a reliable growing guide.